Resting Heart Rate
Arterial stiffness is known to influence physical fitness. Heart rate or stiffness of large arteries tends to independently predict future cardiovascular events and can result in mortality (Blacher et al., 2008; Barenbrock et al., 2002 and Vlachopoulos et al., 2010). The elements of arterial stiffness so as to reduce cardiovascular risk can be understood. Presently, there are almost no pharmacological agents which target in the reduction of arterial stiffness. Implementing an improved lifestyle inclusive of regular exercise so as to escalate cardiorespiratory fitness is known to be related with abridged arterial stiffness over several mechanisms that are still not proven (Cameron and Dart, 2004).
However, strength training is considered to be an approach for increased arterial stiffness (Miyachi et al., 2008 and Cortez-Cooper et al., 2005). Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) can be explained as an independent cardiovascular risk factor (Palatini et al., 2006) which has a positive correlation with arterial stiffness (Sa Cunha et al., 2007 and Tomiyama et al., 2010). A higher rate of RHR which can possibly be because of sympathetic hyperactivity can result in a direct increase in arterial stiffness through greater cyclic mechanical shear stress on the arterial wall (Chatzizisis et al., 2007). RHR can be reduced by regular exercises which improve CRF and can be a pathway through which RHR stiffness can be reduced (Huang et al., 2005).
On the other hand, the relationship between arterial stiffness as well as strength training which tends to increase muscular strength along with reducing resting heart rate still remains controversial. In contrast to the evidence obtained from intervention studies which indicates a chronic (Miyachi et al., 2004 and; Cortez-Cooper et al., 2005) or acute (DeVan et al., 2005 and; Heffernan et al., 2007) increase in arterial stiffness which is induced by strength training whereas, there are some studies which indicate no change (Rakobowchuk et al., 2005 and; Cortez-Cooper et al., 2008) or any reduction in arterial stiffness (Okamoto, Masuhara and Ikuta, 2009). Despite of this ambiguous repercussion for arterial stiffness, the element of strength training is highly recommended as to gain an improved health status (American College of Sports Medicine, 2010 and Fletcher et al., 2001).
With respect to physical fitness gender differences have been observed to be amongst the patterns of practice, in which females were almost 20% less physically fit than that of meals and hence represented in lesser participation in the extracurricular activities or sports associated with the influence of family and school environment (Telford et al., 2016). In this aspect, males have attained a higher level of moderate to that of dynamic physical activity in comparison to females. Various patterns of physical fitness have also been observed related to ethnicity where black people are less physically active and more deskbound in comparison to white people (Brodersen et al., 2007).
Such factors which have a direct influence over the intensity and amount of physical fitness along with those which might mediate the impact of physical activity over RHR like tobacco (Phillips et al., 2009) are considered to be important in statistical analysis.
Hence, the objective of this research is to determine the link between the components of physical fitness components (handgrip strength cardiorespiratory fitness flexibility as well as body composition) with resting heart rate in individuals. The hypothesis of the study is that improved test results of physical fitness are associated with reduced levels of resting heart rate.
Literature Review
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